In the core performance parameters of film capacitors, ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) plays a critical role in evaluating a capacitor's high-frequency adaptability, energy loss levels, and long-term operational stability. ESR directly influences the operating efficiency, heating performance, and service life of capacitors in various electronic circuits. A common question among industry professionals is: With multiple test frequencies available, why has 1kHz become the industry standard for ESR testing? The widespread adoption of this frequency is based on thorough judgment and long-term practical validation of the operating characteristics of film capacitors.

ESR is not a standalone resistance value inherent to the capacitor. Instead, it represents the equivalent resistance that accounts for all internal energy losses. Its value is primarily influenced by a combination of the capacitor’s internal resistance and inductance. As operating frequency changes, the effects of these factors also change, making the ESR value dynamic and frequency-dependent.

1. Low-Frequency Scenarios:
   In low-frequency operating conditions, the internal resistance of the capacitor plays a dominant role. The current flows slowly through the capacitor, and the inductive reactance caused by internal inductance is minimal, almost negligible. In such a case, ESR is primarily determined by the internal resistance. However, this ESR value does not reflect the capacitor's performance under high-frequency conditions and is therefore inadequate for high-frequency circuit selection.

2. High-Frequency Scenarios:
   As the frequency increases, the inductive reactance generated by the internal inductance rises rapidly, gradually replacing the internal resistance as the dominant factor affecting ESR. At this point, the measured ESR diverges from the real-world behavior of the capacitor under medium- and low-frequency conditions. This makes high-frequency ESR values unsuitable for evaluating performance across all operating ranges.

The Need for a "Medium Frequency" Standard

Film capacitors are widely used in a variety of applications, including home appliance control circuits, new energy power systems, industrial instrumentation, and communication devices. These applications typically cover a wide frequency range, from medium-low to high frequencies, rather than operating at a fixed frequency.

Given this, it is crucial to select a “medium frequency” that can balance the effects of internal resistance and inductance. This ensures that the capacitor’s comprehensive impedance characteristics are accurately represented in actual operating conditions, providing reliable data for circuit design, product selection, and performance optimization.

Why 1kHz?

The 1kHz frequency is an optimal choice that strikes a balance between accuracy and practicality. As a typical medium frequency, 1kHz:

• Effectively avoids test deviations caused by the dominance of resistance at low frequencies and inductance at high frequencies.

• Balances the influence of both factors, ensuring the measured ESR value closely reflects the actual impedance state of film capacitors in most real-world applications.

Whether used in home appliance control circuits operating at medium and low frequencies or auxiliary power supply circuits under high-frequency conditions, ESR values tested at 1kHz provide an accurate and reliable reference for component selection and performance evaluation. This helps to optimize circuit efficiency and predict long-term stability.

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